Читать книгу The Politeness/Impoliteness Divide. English-Based Theories and Speech Acts Practice in Moroccan Arabic онлайн

30 страница из 36

Politeness and the conversational-contract view: Introduced by Fraser (1975) Fraser and Nolen (1981), this approach relies generally on Grice’s CP and Goffman’s (1967) concept of face. In the conversational-contract view, participants are involved in conversations which depend on a mutual understanding of a set of obligations and rights which regulate at an initial stage what each participant expects from the other. During the conversation, participants have the possibility of renegotiating the conversational contract by readjusting the rights and obligations between them. This dimension of rights and obligations varies depending on the choices of the participants. However, some conversational norms are pre-established, conventional, and rarely negotiable; such is the case, for example, with turn-taking and the use of mutually intelligible language. Jary (1998), on the same lines as Fraser (1990), proposes that politeness in communication, in terms of Relevance Theory, is usually anticipated rather than communicated; intuitively participants are more concerned about what is permissible in terms of force and content, and they hardly notice forms of politeness when they are engaged in conversation.