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32 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 The left pulmonary ligament is visible extending from the ventra...Figure 29.2 The left pulmonary ligament being digitally transected during a ...Figure 29.3 A large pulmonary bullae is readily identified on the ventral ma...Figure 29.4 CT images of a dog with spontaneous pneumothorax in sternal (A) ...Figure 29.5 (A) Port placement for thoracic exploration. (B) Operating room ...Figure 29.6 Localization of paraxiphoid port placement for diagnostic thorac...Figure 29.7 Localization of intercostal port placement for diagnostic thorac...Figure 29.8 (A) A 10‐mm variable angle scope (©KARL STORZ SE & Co. KG, Germa...Figure 29.9 A 10‐mm endoscopic fan retractor may be used to gently retract l...Figure 29.10 The ventral mediastinum has been fenestrated and is retracted b...Figure 29.11 (A) The accessory lung lobe is seen through the thin caudal med...Figure 29.12 Visualization of the medial aspect of the hilus of right (A) an...Figure 29.13 A bullous lesion identified on the lateral aspect of the left c...