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3.1. Cross-cultural communication

The notion of intercultural communication is rather complex. Banks et al. (1991) describe their notion of intercultural miscommunication as arising from the existence of two initial ‘obstacles’ that hint at a lack of agreement within the academic community as to the two components of this concept, i.e. inter-cultural and miscommunication. First, what is meant by ‘miscommunication’ is often ambiguous and varies among intercultural studies; and second, “what constitutes the realm of intercultural encounters is not universally agreed upon” (Banks et al. 1991: 103, cit. Lorenzo Dus, 1997). The term intercultural has typically been used to denote encounters between members of large cultural groups, namely different countries or ethnicities. However, Thomas, 1983, cit. ibid.) and (Cameron 1995, cit. ibid ) have claimed that inter-cultural does not simply refer to these two contexts, but can be used for other social settings, i.e. male female communication, intergenerational talk and even communication involving members of different social/professional backgrounds such as doctor-patient or legal practitioner-client interaction.