Читать книгу The Politeness/Impoliteness Divide. English-Based Theories and Speech Acts Practice in Moroccan Arabic онлайн

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After this brief historical overview of the function and the status of the languages that exist in Morocco, we will be concerned in the following paragraph with MA and its varieties and accents. MA is rated as low (L) in a diaglossic relation with Modern Standard Arabic, usually considered as high (H) (Ferguson, 1976). However, MA is the mother tongue of Moroccans and it is the most practical and the only means of communication used by most Moroccansssss1. MA is known in Morocco as “Darija” and it has no written form. It is exclusively used as a spoken language. MA shares many properties with the CA to put it as Gravel (1979) and Bentahila (1983) claim, MA and CA exhibit many variations as far as phonology, syntax and morphology are concerned. Despite the historical relation of MA and CA, the origin of MA and the other similar “low” languages spoken in Morocco and in every Arab country in parallel with CA, was a matter of controversy for many linguists. Consequently, three different theories were founded to delimit the origin of these low varieties. The first one situates these varieties as derived from CA and representing a linguistic continuum of CA. The second theory views these varieties as pertaining to a spoken language, which existed side-by-side with the formal and the written CA (Ferguson, 1976). The different Arabic “dialects” which are in use in the different Arab countriesssss1 are referred to as “Arabic Koiné”. Finally, the third theory states that these low varieties have developed from different Koinés.